https://wiki.yanding.com/ 2026-08-24T00:01:02+00:00 https://wiki.yanding.com/ https://wiki.yanding.com/lib/tpl/myconfluence/images/favicon.ico text/html 2026-08-14T07:46:35+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:mtf_sfr_analysis_and_testing&rev=1786693595&do=diff MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) I.Definition MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) is the modulus of the Optical Transfer Function (OTF), defined as the ratio of the output modulation of the system to the input modulation, describing the contrast transfer capability of an imaging system at different spatial frequencies.$$MTF(f)=\frac{M_{\text{out}}(f)}{M_{\text{in}}(f)}=|OTF(f)|$$$M$$$M=\frac{I_{\max}-I_{\min}}{I_{\max}+I_{\min}}$$$I_{max}$$I_{min}$ text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:emva_1288&rev=1783670610&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) EMVA 1288: Standard for Characterization of Image Sensors and Cameras 1. Background The EMVA 1288 standard$\eta$$K$$K = \frac{\text{DN}}{\text{e}^-}$$\mathrm{SNR_{p,max}}$$T_d$$$ \eta = \frac{\mu_e}{\mu_p} \tag{1}$$$\mu_p$$\mu_e$$$\mu_y = \mu_{y,\text{dark}} + K \eta \mu_p \tag{2}$$$\mu_y$$\mu_{y,\text{dark}}$$K$$\text{DN}/e^-$$$\eta = \frac{\mu_y -… text/html 2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:sfr&rev=1784807986&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Spatial Frequency Response (SFR) 1. Concept of Spatial Frequency Response Spatial Frequency Response ( text/html 2026-08-14T09:33:39+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:sharpness&rev=1786700019&do=diff Acutance I. Definition Acutance is an objective physical quantity used to measure image clarity. By contrast, sharpness is the subjective human perception of image clarity; the two are distinct concepts. Early acutance calculations were based on the gradient of an edge profile: the steeper the transition, the higher the value. However, an edge gradient describes only the physical rate of transition and does not account for the fact that images are ultimately perceived by the human visual syst… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:riqa_software:riqa_camera_resolution_module&rev=1783670582&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) RIQA-Camera Resolution Module Resolution is used to evaluate the ability of an imaging system (such as cameras, lenses, etc.) to reproduce details at different spatial frequencies. This module supports the analysis of various mainstream test targets, including slanted-edge targets, line pair targets, Siemens star targets, and dead leaves targets, mee… text/html 2026-08-20T02:50:53+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:noise&rev=1787194253&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Noise I. Definition Image noise refers to the unintended interference superimposed on the target signal during image acquisition, transmission, or processing. Its external manifestation is the $\sigma_{\text{signal}} = \sqrt{N_{\text{signal}}}$$I_{\text{dark}} \propto A \cdot T^3 e^{-\frac{E_g}{kT}}$$I_{\text{dark}}$$T$$E_g$$k$$A$$\sigma_{\text{dark… text/html 2026-07-24T02:37:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:lidar:angular_resolution&rev=1784860639&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Angular Resolution 1. What is Angular Resolution? Angular resolution refers to the angle formed by the central axes of two adjacent laser detection points at the ranging center during the scanning and detection process of a LiDAR. Depending on the scanning direction, it can be divided into $\Delta L$$\theta$$$\Delta L = d \cdot \tan(\theta) \approx … text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:31+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:gb_t_43249_2023_passive_ir&rev=1783670611&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) GB/T 43249-2023 "Passive Infrared Detection Systems for Automobiles" GB/T 43249-2023 “Passive Infrared Detection Systems for Automobiles$\Delta T=2\text{K}$$n$$N$$n$$S$$$\text{NETD} = \frac{\Delta T}{S/N} $$$\Delta T$$S$$N$$$MRTD = \frac{|\Delta T_1| + |\Delta T_2|}{2}$$ text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:32+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:ieee_2020_2024_cpi&rev=1783670612&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) IEEE 2020-2024 CPI Test Definition of CPI Contrast is a crucial fundamental condition for distinguishing objects from their surroundings. $(L_{in})$$(L_{in})=(L_{max}+L_{min})/2$$L_{in}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$C_{W}$$C_{M}$$C_{W}=\frac{L_{max}}{L_{min}}-1$$C_{W}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$C_{W}$$L_{min}$$C_{M}=\frac{L_{max}-L_{min}}{L_{max}+L_{… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:mtf_sfr_siemens_star&rev=1783670595&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) MTF/SFR Measurement — Siemens Star Method Principle: Based on the radial frequency gradient characteristics of radial sinusoidal wedge patterns, this method directly obtains the modulation MTF values at different spatial frequencies through pixel reading, sinusoidal curve fitting, and modulation calculation (without the need for Fourier transform). … text/html 2026-07-23T12:51:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:cms_test_cases:cms_sharpness&rev=1784811079&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) CMS Sharpness Why Measure Sharpness in CMS? As an electronic replacement for traditional optical rearview mirrors, the $$\text{MTF}50_{\langle 1:1 \rangle} \geq \frac{1}{2}\text{MTF}10_{\text{MIN}\langle 1:1 \rangle} \left[ \frac{\text{LW}}{\text{PH}} \right]$$$$\text{MTF}50_{\langle 1:1 \rangle} \geq \frac{1}{2} \times \left( \frac{1}{2} \text{MTF… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:34+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:iso_12233_sfr&rev=1783670614&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) ISO 12233: SFR Testing Overview The ISO 12233 standard specifies methods for measuring the resolution and spatial frequency response (SFR) text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:35+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:iso_16505_cms_depth_of_field&rev=1783670615&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) ISO 16505: CMS Depth of Field Test Definition: Depth of field is the distance range over which the imaging resolution of the $$MTF10_{(1:1)} \geq 0,9^*MTF10_{MIN(1:1)} \left[ \text{LW/PH} \right]\tag{1}$$$$MTF10_{(1:1)} \geq \frac{1}{2} MTF10_{MIN(1:1)} \left[ \text{LW/PH} \right]]\tag{2}$$$$MTF10_{\text{MIN}(1:1)/\text{hor}} = \left( \frac{W_{\text… text/html 2026-07-23T11:59:47+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:noise&rev=1784807987&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Noise Definition and Sources of Noise In the field of imaging, noise typically refers to random interference signals carrying non-target information introduced during image acquisition, transmission, or processing. It manifests as irregular variations in luminance or color (such as graininess, color mottling, or irregular spots), directly affecting… text/html 2026-08-11T02:56:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:cms_test_cases:cms_depth_of_field&rev=1786417003&do=diff CMS Depth of Field I.Definition Depth of Field (DoF) of a CMS (Camera–Monitor System) refers to the object-distance range behind the vehicle over which targets can be sharply imaged. In optical imaging, object points outside the focal plane produce defocused blur on the image sensor, typically described by the \(MTF10_{(1:1)}\)$$MTF10_{(1:1)} \geq 0.9^*MTF10_{MIN(1:1)} \left[ \text{LW/PH} \right]\tag{1}$$$$MTF10_{(1:1)} \geq \frac{1}{2} MTF10_{MIN(1:1)} \left[ \text{LW/PH} \right]]\tag{2}$$$… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:09+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:collimators:focal_length_matching&rev=1783670589&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Focal Length Matching Between Collimator and DUT When testing a DUT using a collimator, the collimating objective Lcol of the collimator and the imaging objective Ldut of the DUT form an optical imaging system. The image of the target formed by Lcol serves as the object for Ldut. Focal length is one of the primary parameters of Lcol. In collimator se… text/html 2026-07-24T02:37:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:lidar:point_cloud&rev=1784860639&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Point Cloud 1. Definition: A point cloud is a collection of points acquired in 3D space and output by LiDAR. By recording the reflection of laser pulses off object surfaces, it translates the geometric shapes of the physical world into a massive set of discrete spatial coordinate points. It serves as the core foundational data for environment percep… text/html 2026-08-21T14:40:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors&rev=1787323226&do=diff Image Quality Factors This section covers common image quality issues in imaging systems, including: * MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) * Acutance * Distortion * Flare * White Balance * Noise * Dynamic Range * Chromatic Aberration * Field of View * Uniformity (Shading) * Spatial Frequency Units text/html 2026-07-24T03:00:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:spatial_frequency_units&rev=1784862019&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Spatial Frequency Units Units and Applications of Spatial Frequency Conversion Formulas Different units can be converted using parameters such as image height and focal length. The conversion formulas are as follows:$\frac{MTF(C/P)}{\text{pixel pitch}}$$2 \times MTF\left(\frac{LP}{PH}\right)$$2 \times MTF\left(\frac{C}{P}\right) \times PH$$MTF\le… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:qc_t_1128_2019&rev=1783670617&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Image Solutions for "QC/T 1128-2019: Automotive Cameras" Overview “QC/T 1128-2019: Automotive Cameras$\text{SNR (dB)} = 20\log_{10}\left(\frac{\text{Si}}{\text{Ni}}\right)$${Si}$\( i \)${Ni}$\( i \)$$\text{DR} = 20 \left( D_{\text{SNR}=1} - D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}} \right)$$$D_{\text{SNR}=1}$$D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}}$$t_{on}$$t_{SL}$$$\theta_{\tex… text/html 2026-07-24T03:04:34+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:image_sensors:bayer_filter&rev=1784862274&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Bayer Filter 1. Why is a Bayer Filter Needed? The core of an image sensor is a silicon-based photodiode, which can only measure the amount of charge generated by incident light and cannot directly perceive the color of the light. text/html 2026-07-27T06:13:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:entrance_pupil&rev=1785132783&do=diff Entrance Pupil When observing the human eye, a dark circular opening known as the pupil can be seen, through which incident light enters the eye. Physiologically, the pupil is the aperture located at the center of the iris. However, the visible pupil is not the physical opening itself, but the image of the pupil formed by the refractive structures in front of it, such as the cornea and aqueous humor. text/html 2026-07-15T12:13:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:keywords&rev=1784117593&do=diff dynamic range/color reproduction/spatial frequency response/uniformity/distortion/flare/flicker/CMS/test charts text/html 2026-07-24T07:49:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:test_cases&rev=1784879388&do=diff Test Cases This section provides practical test cases for image quality evaluation, organized by application: * Camera Test Cases * Image Quality Evaluation Overview * Dynamic Range * Noise * Sharpness * White Balance * Distortion * Uniformity * Color Reproduction * Chromatic Aberration * Field of View * Exposure Time * Frame Rate * Glare * Spatial Frequency Response (SFR) * Texture Loss * Gray Scale Response * Image Stabilization * MTF/S… text/html 2026-08-21T14:40:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=wiki:langswitch_map&rev=1787323226&do=diff  Language Switch Map 维护说明： * 第一列是中文页面ID * 第二列是英文页面ID * 只改表格，不要改格式 * 新增映射时一行一条 中文页ID 英文页ID yanding:成像基础知识:光学:几何光学:主光线角 text/html 2026-08-20T02:50:53+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=yanding:%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7:%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%87:mtf_%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0&rev=1787194253&do=diff MTF（调制传递函数） 一、定义 MTF（调制传递函数，Modulation Transfer Function）是光学传递函数（OTF）的模，定义为系统输出调制度与输入调制度之比，描述成像系统在不同空间频率下对比度传递能力。$$MTF(f)=\frac{M_{\text{out}}(f)}{M_{\text{in}}(f)}=|OTF(f)|$$$M$$$M=\frac{I_{\max}-I_{\min}}{I_{\max}+I_{\min}}$$$I_{\max}$$I_{\min}$$MTF_{10}$$ f_{N}= 1 / (2 x PixelPitch)$ text/html 2025-10-31T07:23:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=yanding:%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7:%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%8C%96%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95:iso_12233_sfr%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95&rev=1761895385&do=diff ISO 12233：SFR测试 概述 ISO 12233标准规定了测量数字相机的分辨率和空间频率响应 （SFR） 的方法。该标准首次发布于 2000 年，目前最新的是 2024 年发布的第 5 版。 使用标准： ISO 12233 Photography— Electronic still picture imaging — Resolution and spatial frequency responses 技术委员会： text/html 2026-07-28T07:26:01+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:uniformity_shading&rev=1785223561&do=diff Shading I.Concept Shading comprises luminance shading and color shading. * Luminance shading refers to the uneven distribution of brightness from the center to the edges of an image (Figure 1). * Color shading refers to the inconsistent color reproduction from the center to the edges of an image (Figure 2).$\theta$$\theta$$\cos^4\theta$ text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:32+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:gb_t_45500_2025_lidar&rev=1783670612&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) GB/T 45500-2025 Performance Requirements and Test Methods for Automotive LiDAR GB/T 45500-2025 “Performance Requirements and Test Methods for Automotive LiDAR$\sigma_d \leq \max(0.1\ \text{m}, 0.25\% \cdot S)$$|\delta_d| \leq \max(0.2\ \text{m}, 0.5\% \cdot S)$$(P)$$P \leqslant 1.5 \times \max(\sigma_{\text{d}}, \left| \delta_{\text{d}} \right|)$$$P … text/html 2026-08-12T07:46:24+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=yanding:%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7:%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E7%94%A8%E4%BE%8B:camera%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E7%94%A8%E4%BE%8B:%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E9%A2%91%E7%8E%87%E5%93%8D%E5%BA%94_sfr&rev=1786520784&do=diff 空间频率响应（SFR） 一、空间频率响应的概念 空间频率响应（Spatial Frequency Response，SFR）指的是正弦输入的振幅（即对比度）随空间频率变化的衰减程度，可将人眼主观感知的“清晰度”转化为可测量的物理参量，用于评估​​成像系统（如相机、镜头等）对不同空间频率细节的再现能力​​。 text/html 2026-07-23T12:51:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:distortion&rev=1784811078&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Distortion 1. What is Distortion? Distortion refers to the geometric distortion of the image formed by an optical system relative to the object itself. It is caused by the inconsistency of lateral magnification between the edge and the center of the lens. Distortion only alters the spatial geometry of the object and does not affect the sharpness (re… text/html 2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:image_quality_evaluation&rev=1784807986&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Image Quality Assessment Overview Image Quality Assessment (IQA) refers to the subjective and objective analysis and evaluation of the imaging performance (such as resolution, noise, distortion, color, dynamic range, etc.) of an imaging system under given conditions (such as the captured scene, lighting environment, and display device input of a cam… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:mtf_sfr_dead_leaves&rev=1783670595&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) MTF/SFR Measurement — Dead Leaves Method Principle: Based on a random circular texture pattern that closely resembles natural scenes, this method extracts the texture Power Spectral Density (PSD) and subtracts the noise. It then calculates the ratio of the modulation amplitude at each frequency to the target modulation to obtain the MTF/SFR values. … text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:cms_test_cases:cms_pre_test&rev=1783670610&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Pre-CMS Testing Before CMS testing, it is necessary to confirm the provided equipment information and functions. The relevant parameters are as follows: text/html 2026-08-07T02:22:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:collimators:pupil_matching&rev=1786069320&do=diff Collimator–DUT Pupil Matching The exit pupil (ExP) is the image of the aperture stop formed by the optical elements that lie between the stop and the image plane. It serves as the common opening through which all rays leave the optical system, and its centre is located at the intersection of the chief rays in image space. text/html 2026-07-28T06:15:24+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:collimators:structure&rev=1785219324&do=diff Collimator Structure With the increasing use of digital cameras in road vehicles, aircraft, head-mounted displays, and security systems, the testing and calibration of cameras targeting distant objects has become essential in development, production, and validation. Whether constrained by the limited space of an optical laboratory or the compact footprint of automated production equipment, the collimator is the inevitable choice for simulating distant targets within a confined physical space. text/html 2026-07-24T02:37:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:lidar:lidar_overview&rev=1784860639&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) LiDAR 1. What is LiDAR? LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an active sensing technology that acquires precise dimensions and spatial configurations of targets by emitting laser beams and analyzing the echo signals (e.g., Time of Flight (ToF) or frequency difference (FMCW)). Compared to passive imaging solutions that rely on ambient light (such a… text/html 2026-07-10T08:02:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:color_gamut&rev=1783670563&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Do Digital Cameras Have a Color Gamut? With the increasingly widespread application of digital images, the colorimetric term text/html 2026-07-21T09:49:56+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:basic_properties_of_light&rev=1784627396&do=diff Basic Properties of Light 1. Overview Light is electromagnetic radiation exhibiting wave-particle duality, serving as a fundamental carrier for energy transfer and information transmission in modern technology. Its behavior is described by three core models:$\theta_i = \theta_r$$n_1$$n_2$$$n_1 \sin\theta_1 = n_2 \sin\theta_2$$$\theta_1$$\theta_2$$$c = \lambda \nu$$$c$$\lambda$$ \nu$$c$$$E = h\nu = \frac{hc}{\lambda}$$$h$$\nu$$c$$\lambda$ text/html 2026-07-28T05:44:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:depth_of_field&rev=1785217462&do=diff Depth of Field I.Concept The depth of field (DOF) is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image captured with a camera.According to the extent of the region that appears acceptably sharp, depth of field can be classified as either a shallow depth of field or a large depth of field.$$\text{DOF} \approx \frac{2 u^2 N c}{f^2}$$$\text{DOF}$$u$$N$$c$$f$$f$$u$$N$ text/html 2026-07-21T08:06:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:law_of_rectilinear_propagation_of_light&rev=1784621182&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Law of Rectilinear Propagation In an isotropic and homogeneous medium, light propagates in straight lines. This is the most fundamental optical phenomenon, capable of explaining everyday occurrences such as the formation of shadows, solar eclipses, and pinhole imaging. text/html 2026-07-24T05:20:27+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence:light&rev=1784870427&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Light Light, as a core carrier spanning the fields of optical engineering and electronic information, is a key medium for energy transfer and information transmission. From basic illumination and high-precision imaging to fiber-optic communication, laser precision manufacturing, and cutting-edge quantum technologies, the applications of light are dee… text/html 2026-07-21T12:02:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:luminous_flux&rev=1784635357&do=diff Luminous Flux Definition Luminous flux (symbol:$\Phi_v$ ) is a photometric quantity that measures the light power perceived by the human eye. It represents the total luminous energy emitted by a light source per unit time, and directly reflects the overall brightness of the source.$$1\ \text{lm} = 1\ \text{cd} \times 1\ \text{sr}$$$lm$$$\Phi_{v}(\lambda)=K_{m}V(\lambda)\Phi_{e}(\lambda)$$$K_{m}$$\Phi_{v}(\lambda)$$V(\lambda)$$\lambda$$\Phi_v$$$ \Phi_v = \int_{(\Omega)} I_v \, d\Omega$$$\Omega… text/html 2026-07-23T03:24:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:radiance&rev=1784777056&do=diff Radiance Definition Radiance(symbol: $L$) is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted, or received by a surface, per unit solid angle per unit projected area in a specified direction.As the fundamental property of extended sources, it characterizes the radiant intensity per unit projected area of a surface element along a given line of sight. \(\mathrm{W \cdot sr^{-1} \cdot m^{-2}}\)$L$$$L = \frac{dI}{dA \cos\theta} = \frac{d^2 \Phi}{dA \cos\theta \, d\Omega}$$$L$$I$$\Phi$$A$$\theta$$\… text/html 2026-07-10T08:02:54+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:radiant_energy_density&rev=1783670574&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Radiant Energy Density I. Definition Radiant energy density is defined as the electromagnetic radiant energy stored per unit volume of space\(w\)\(u\)\(J/m^3\)\([M L^{-1} T^{-2}]\)$$w = \frac{dQ}{dV}$$\(dQ\)\(dV\)$Q = 8000 J$$V= 23 L= 0.023 {m}^3$$w \approx 347\,826.09 {J/m}^3$\(E\)\(B\)$$w = \frac{1}{2}\left(\varepsilon E^2 + \frac{1}{\mu} B^2\righ… text/html 2026-07-23T06:27:50+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:radiant_flux&rev=1784788070&do=diff Radiant Flux I.Definition Radiant flux ($\Phi_e$), also known as radiant power, is the time rate of change of radiant energy. It represents the total radiant energy emitted, transferred, or received per unit time. The quantity is denoted by $\Phi_e$ or $P$ and is defined as:$$\Phi_\text{e} = \frac{\mathrm{d}Q_\text{e}}{\mathrm{d}t}$$$Q_\text{e}$$t$$\Phi_e$$\Phi_e$$$\Phi_e = K \cdot S$$$S$$K$$$\Phi_e = \int_{\lambda_1}^{\lambda_2} \Phi_{e,\lambda}(\lambda) d\lambda$$$I(\theta,\varphi)$$$ \Phi … text/html 2026-07-10T08:02:52+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:radiant_intensity&rev=1783670572&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Radiant Intensity Definition: The radiant flux emitted by a radiation source in a specific direction per unit solid angle, denoted by the symbol $I$$$I = \frac{d\Phi}{d\Omega}$$$\Omega$$A$$r$$\Omega = \frac{A}{r^2}$$\Phi $$\Omega$$ I = \frac{d\Phi}{d\Omega}$$D$$ I = \frac{d\Phi}{d\Omega}$