https://wiki.yanding.com/ 2026-08-24T00:01:01+00:00 https://wiki.yanding.com/ https://wiki.yanding.com/lib/tpl/myconfluence/images/favicon.ico text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:emva_1288&rev=1783670610&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) EMVA 1288: Standard for Characterization of Image Sensors and Cameras 1. Background The EMVA 1288 standard$\eta$$K$$K = \frac{\text{DN}}{\text{e}^-}$$\mathrm{SNR_{p,max}}$$T_d$$$ \eta = \frac{\mu_e}{\mu_p} \tag{1}$$$\mu_p$$\mu_e$$$\mu_y = \mu_{y,\text{dark}} + K \eta \mu_p \tag{2}$$$\mu_y$$\mu_{y,\text{dark}}$$K$$\text{DN}/e^-$$$\eta = \frac{\mu_y -… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:31+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:gb_t_43249_2023_passive_ir&rev=1783670611&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) GB/T 43249-2023 "Passive Infrared Detection Systems for Automobiles" GB/T 43249-2023 “Passive Infrared Detection Systems for Automobiles$\Delta T=2\text{K}$$n$$N$$n$$S$$$\text{NETD} = \frac{\Delta T}{S/N} $$$\Delta T$$S$$N$$$MRTD = \frac{|\Delta T_1| + |\Delta T_2|}{2}$$ text/html 2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:sfr&rev=1784807986&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Spatial Frequency Response (SFR) 1. Concept of Spatial Frequency Response Spatial Frequency Response ( text/html 2026-08-20T02:50:53+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:noise&rev=1787194253&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Noise I. Definition Image noise refers to the unintended interference superimposed on the target signal during image acquisition, transmission, or processing. Its external manifestation is the $\sigma_{\text{signal}} = \sqrt{N_{\text{signal}}}$$I_{\text{dark}} \propto A \cdot T^3 e^{-\frac{E_g}{kT}}$$I_{\text{dark}}$$T$$E_g$$k$$A$$\sigma_{\text{dark… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:light_sources:traffic_light_simulation_platform&rev=1783670586&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Yanding Road Traffic Signal Light Simulation and Testing Platform With the continuous development of autonomous driving technology, corresponding testing methods must also be upgraded synchronously. Current testing mostly focuses on lane detection, object tracking, and scene understanding. However, road traffic signal light recognition, as a critical… text/html 2026-07-10T08:02:42+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:metamerism&rev=1783670562&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Is Metamerism Far Removed from Our Daily Lives? Metamerism is a colorimetric term used to describe the phenomenon where color stimuli with different spectral compositions produce the same color perception (i.e., have the same tristimulus values). The English word for this is text/html 2026-07-24T07:49:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:test_cases&rev=1784879388&do=diff Test Cases This section provides practical test cases for image quality evaluation, organized by application: * Camera Test Cases * Image Quality Evaluation Overview * Dynamic Range * Noise * Sharpness * White Balance * Distortion * Uniformity * Color Reproduction * Chromatic Aberration * Field of View * Exposure Time * Frame Rate * Glare * Spatial Frequency Response (SFR) * Texture Loss * Gray Scale Response * Image Stabilization * MTF/S… text/html 2026-08-14T09:33:39+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:sharpness&rev=1786700019&do=diff Acutance I. Definition Acutance is an objective physical quantity used to measure image clarity. By contrast, sharpness is the subjective human perception of image clarity; the two are distinct concepts. Early acutance calculations were based on the gradient of an edge profile: the steeper the transition, the higher the value. However, an edge gradient describes only the physical rate of transition and does not account for the fact that images are ultimately perceived by the human visual syst… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:qc_t_1128_2019&rev=1783670617&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Image Solutions for "QC/T 1128-2019: Automotive Cameras" Overview “QC/T 1128-2019: Automotive Cameras$\text{SNR (dB)} = 20\log_{10}\left(\frac{\text{Si}}{\text{Ni}}\right)$${Si}$\( i \)${Ni}$\( i \)$$\text{DR} = 20 \left( D_{\text{SNR}=1} - D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}} \right)$$$D_{\text{SNR}=1}$$D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}}$$t_{on}$$t_{SL}$$$\theta_{\tex… text/html 2026-08-14T07:46:35+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:mtf_sfr_analysis_and_testing&rev=1786693595&do=diff MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) I.Definition MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) is the modulus of the Optical Transfer Function (OTF), defined as the ratio of the output modulation of the system to the input modulation, describing the contrast transfer capability of an imaging system at different spatial frequencies.$$MTF(f)=\frac{M_{\text{out}}(f)}{M_{\text{in}}(f)}=|OTF(f)|$$$M$$$M=\frac{I_{\max}-I_{\min}}{I_{\max}+I_{\min}}$$$I_{max}$$I_{min}$ text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:32+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:ieee_2020_2024_cpi&rev=1783670612&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) IEEE 2020-2024 CPI Test Definition of CPI Contrast is a crucial fundamental condition for distinguishing objects from their surroundings. $(L_{in})$$(L_{in})=(L_{max}+L_{min})/2$$L_{in}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$C_{W}$$C_{M}$$C_{W}=\frac{L_{max}}{L_{min}}-1$$C_{W}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$C_{W}$$L_{min}$$C_{M}=\frac{L_{max}-L_{min}}{L_{max}+L_{… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:34+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:iso_12233_sfr&rev=1783670614&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) ISO 12233: SFR Testing Overview The ISO 12233 standard specifies methods for measuring the resolution and spatial frequency response (SFR) text/html 2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:gray_scale_response&rev=1784807986&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Grayscale Response I. Concept of Grayscale Grayscale refers to the division of luminance variations between the brightest and darkest points into different levels. It is generally divided into seven rough levels: white, grayish-white, light gray, gray, dark gray, light black, and black. Each level represents a change in luminance, largely reflectin… text/html 2026-07-23T11:59:47+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:noise&rev=1784807987&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Noise Definition and Sources of Noise In the field of imaging, noise typically refers to random interference signals carrying non-target information introduced during image acquisition, transmission, or processing. It manifests as irregular variations in luminance or color (such as graininess, color mottling, or irregular spots), directly affecting… text/html 2026-07-24T02:37:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:lidar:lidar_overview&rev=1784860639&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) LiDAR 1. What is LiDAR? LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an active sensing technology that acquires precise dimensions and spatial configurations of targets by emitting laser beams and analyzing the echo signals (e.g., Time of Flight (ToF) or frequency difference (FMCW)). Compared to passive imaging solutions that rely on ambient light (such a… text/html 2026-07-22T03:37:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:illuminance&rev=1784691433&do=diff Illuminance Illuminance Illuminance is a physical quantity that characterizes the amount of luminous flux received per unit area of an illuminated surface, directly reflecting the degree to which the surface is illuminated. Its magnitude depends on the luminous intensity of the light source, the irradiation distance, and the angle (following the inverse square law and the cosine law), and is independent of the intrinsic properties of the illuminated object, such as its material and reflection … text/html 2026-07-21T12:02:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:luminous_flux&rev=1784635357&do=diff Luminous Flux Definition Luminous flux (symbol:$\Phi_v$ ) is a photometric quantity that measures the light power perceived by the human eye. It represents the total luminous energy emitted by a light source per unit time, and directly reflects the overall brightness of the source.$$1\ \text{lm} = 1\ \text{cd} \times 1\ \text{sr}$$$lm$$$\Phi_{v}(\lambda)=K_{m}V(\lambda)\Phi_{e}(\lambda)$$$K_{m}$$\Phi_{v}(\lambda)$$V(\lambda)$$\lambda$$\Phi_v$$$ \Phi_v = \int_{(\Omega)} I_v \, d\Omega$$$\Omega… text/html 2026-07-15T12:13:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:keywords&rev=1784117593&do=diff dynamic range/color reproduction/spatial frequency response/uniformity/distortion/flare/flicker/CMS/test charts text/html 2026-08-21T14:40:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=wiki:langswitch_map&rev=1787323226&do=diff  Language Switch Map 维护说明： * 第一列是中文页面ID * 第二列是英文页面ID * 只改表格，不要改格式 * 新增映射时一行一条 中文页ID 英文页ID yanding:成像基础知识:光学:几何光学:主光线角 text/html 2026-08-20T02:50:53+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=yanding:%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7:%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%87:mtf_%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0&rev=1787194253&do=diff MTF（调制传递函数） 一、定义 MTF（调制传递函数，Modulation Transfer Function）是光学传递函数（OTF）的模，定义为系统输出调制度与输入调制度之比，描述成像系统在不同空间频率下对比度传递能力。$$MTF(f)=\frac{M_{\text{out}}(f)}{M_{\text{in}}(f)}=|OTF(f)|$$$M$$$M=\frac{I_{\max}-I_{\min}}{I_{\max}+I_{\min}}$$$I_{\max}$$I_{\min}$$MTF_{10}$$ f_{N}= 1 / (2 x PixelPitch)$ text/html 2026-07-27T12:31:31+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:white_balance&rev=1785155491&do=diff Auto White Balance I. Color Constancy White balance is based on the phenomenon of color constancy in human vision. Color constancy refers to the ability of the visual system to maintain a stable perception of object colors under illumination with different spectral distributions. text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:33+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:ieee_2020_2024_flare&rev=1783670613&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) IEEE 2020-2024 Standard Flare Test I. Definition of Flare Flare refers to non-imaging light that propagates to the image plane along unintended optical paths, resulting in reduced image contrast and undesirable imaging artifacts. In this standard, $$F=\frac{S_{Black}}{S_{White}}\times 100\%$$$S_{Black}$$S_{White}$$L_{ref}$$R_{ref}$$R_{flare}$$E_{f… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:34+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:iso_15739_noise&rev=1783670614&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) ISO 15739: Noise Measurements Overview The ISO 15739 standard specifies the test methods for noise and dynamic range of digital cameras.${L_{j}}$$g(L_{j})$$$ g(L_{j}) = \frac{1}{2} [ \frac{ I(L_{j})-I(L_{i}) } {L_{j}-L_{i} } + \frac { I(L_{k}) - I(L_{j}) } {L_{k}-L_{j}} ] $$$I(L_{j})$$L_… text/html 2026-08-12T07:46:24+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=yanding:%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7:%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E7%94%A8%E4%BE%8B:camera%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E7%94%A8%E4%BE%8B:%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E9%A2%91%E7%8E%87%E5%93%8D%E5%BA%94_sfr&rev=1786520784&do=diff 空间频率响应（SFR） 一、空间频率响应的概念 空间频率响应（Spatial Frequency Response，SFR）指的是正弦输入的振幅（即对比度）随空间频率变化的衰减程度，可将人眼主观感知的“清晰度”转化为可测量的物理参量，用于评估​​成像系统（如相机、镜头等）对不同空间频率细节的再现能力​​。 text/html 2026-07-23T12:51:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:dynamic_range&rev=1784811077&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Dynamic Range I. What is Dynamic Range Dynamic Range (DR) For image signals, it refers to the ratio of the maximum to the minimum value of the variable signal; it is used to describe the maximum luminance range from the darkest to the brightest areas of a real scene that an imaging device can simultaneously record. It is commonly measured in decibe… text/html 2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:glare&rev=1784807986&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Glare When light from a strong light source (such as the sun or artificial light) reaches the lens directly, it reflects and bounces off various lens elements and even the sensor, thereby degrading image quality and creating unwanted artifacts in the image. This phenomenon is known as text/html 2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:image_quality_evaluation&rev=1784807986&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Image Quality Assessment Overview Image Quality Assessment (IQA) refers to the subjective and objective analysis and evaluation of the imaging performance (such as resolution, noise, distortion, color, dynamic range, etc.) of an imaging system under given conditions (such as the captured scene, lighting environment, and display device input of a cam… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:mtf_sfr_siemens_star&rev=1783670595&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) MTF/SFR Measurement — Siemens Star Method Principle: Based on the radial frequency gradient characteristics of radial sinusoidal wedge patterns, this method directly obtains the modulation MTF values at different spatial frequencies through pixel reading, sinusoidal curve fitting, and modulation calculation (without the need for Fourier transform). … text/html 2026-07-23T12:51:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:cms_test_cases:cms_sharpness&rev=1784811079&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) CMS Sharpness Why Measure Sharpness in CMS? As an electronic replacement for traditional optical rearview mirrors, the $$\text{MTF}50_{\langle 1:1 \rangle} \geq \frac{1}{2}\text{MTF}10_{\text{MIN}\langle 1:1 \rangle} \left[ \frac{\text{LW}}{\text{PH}} \right]$$$$\text{MTF}50_{\langle 1:1 \rangle} \geq \frac{1}{2} \times \left( \frac{1}{2} \text{MTF… text/html 2026-08-07T02:22:00+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:collimators:pupil_matching&rev=1786069320&do=diff Collimator–DUT Pupil Matching The exit pupil (ExP) is the image of the aperture stop formed by the optical elements that lie between the stop and the image plane. It serves as the common opening through which all rays leave the optical system, and its centre is located at the intersection of the chief rays in image space. text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:riqa_software:riqa_camera_color_module&rev=1783670584&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) RIQA—Camera Color Analysis Module The RIQA—Camera Color Analysis Module is used to evaluate the color metrics of imaging systems, including data on color difference, luminance, saturation, and other aspects. This module supports testing with standard 24-color, 140-color, and 14-color charts.$ CIE$$L_{ab}$ text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:riqa_software:riqa_camera_grayscale_module&rev=1783670582&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) RIQA-Camera Grayscale Analysis Module Grayscale refers to the continuous luminance levels in an image ranging from the darkest (black) to the brightest (white). This module supports the analysis of multi-specification grayscale test charts (both transmissive and reflective), such as 12-patch, 20-patch, and 36-patch charts. It also allows you to invok… text/html 2026-08-18T11:04:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:image_sensors:pn_junction&rev=1787051098&do=diff PN Junction I. Definition A p–n junction is a microstructure formed at the interface where a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor are in close contact. It exhibits unidirectional (direction-dependent) electrical behavior and is a fundamental basis for photoelectric conversion in image sensors. text/html 2026-07-10T08:02:41+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:cie_colorimetric_system&rev=1783670561&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) CIE Colorimetric System 1. History and Fundamentals In the early 19th century, it was discovered that the human eye has three types of cells for color perception. It was also known that two lights with different spectra could produce the same color (metamerism). It was hypothesized that each cone cell has a spectral sensitivity corresponding to R, G… text/html 2026-07-27T06:13:03+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:entrance_pupil&rev=1785132783&do=diff Entrance Pupil When observing the human eye, a dark circular opening known as the pupil can be seen, through which incident light enters the eye. Physiologically, the pupil is the aperture located at the center of the iris. However, the visible pupil is not the physical opening itself, but the image of the pupil formed by the refractive structures in front of it, such as the cornea and aqueous humor. text/html 2026-07-24T05:20:31+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence:led&rev=1784870431&do=diff Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) I.Definition A Light-Emitting Diode (LED) is a solid-state semiconductor device centered around a PN junction. When an electric current passes through the chip, electrons from the N-type region and holes from the P-type region undergo radiative recombination at the junction. This process releases energy in the form of photons, achieving the direct conversion of electrical energy into light.$E_g$$E = h\nu$$c = \lambda\nu$$\lambda$ text/html 2026-08-07T07:58:52+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:cie_luminous_efficiency_function&rev=1786089532&do=diff CIE Standard Luminous Efficiency Function I. Definition The CIE luminous efficiency function $V(\lambda)$ is a standard response function established by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) to describe the relative visual sensitivity of the standard observer$\Phi_{e,\lambda}$$\lambda$$\Phi_{e,\lambda_m}$$\lambda_m$$\Phi_{e,\lambda_m}/\Phi_{e,\lambda}$$V(\lambda)$$L > 5 cd·m⁻²$$V(\lambda)$$CIE 1988 (CIE 086-1990)$$4^\circ$\(V(\lambda)\)$4^\circ$\(V_{10}(\lambda)\)$L < 0.005\ \math…