https://wiki.yanding.com/ 2026-08-24T00:01:02+00:00 https://wiki.yanding.com/ https://wiki.yanding.com/lib/tpl/myconfluence/images/favicon.ico text/html 2026-07-23T12:51:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:dynamic_range&rev=1784811077&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Dynamic Range I. What is Dynamic Range Dynamic Range (DR) For image signals, it refers to the ratio of the maximum to the minimum value of the variable signal; it is used to describe the maximum luminance range from the darkest to the brightest areas of a real scene that an imaging device can simultaneously record. It is commonly measured in decibe… text/html 2026-07-24T03:00:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:dynamic_range&rev=1784862019&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Dynamic Range When shooting against the light, the sky is overexposed and lacks detail, while the foreground subjects are reduced to black $DR_{dB}=20log_{10}(\frac{L_{max}}{L_{min}})$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$ text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:riqa_software:riqa_camera_grayscale_module&rev=1783670582&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) RIQA-Camera Grayscale Analysis Module Grayscale refers to the continuous luminance levels in an image ranging from the darkest (black) to the brightest (white). This module supports the analysis of multi-specification grayscale test charts (both transmissive and reflective), such as 12-patch, 20-patch, and 36-patch charts. It also allows you to invok… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:qc_t_1128_2019&rev=1783670617&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Image Solutions for "QC/T 1128-2019: Automotive Cameras" Overview “QC/T 1128-2019: Automotive Cameras$\text{SNR (dB)} = 20\log_{10}\left(\frac{\text{Si}}{\text{Ni}}\right)$${Si}$\( i \)${Ni}$\( i \)$$\text{DR} = 20 \left( D_{\text{SNR}=1} - D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}} \right)$$$D_{\text{SNR}=1}$$D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}}$$t_{on}$$t_{SL}$$$\theta_{\tex… text/html 2026-08-19T03:34:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:test_charts:chart_selection_guide&rev=1787110477&do=diff How to Choose the Right Test Chart? In image quality evaluation (e.g., for cameras, LiDAR, etc.), test charts are standardized and reproducible core tools—they translate “subjective visual perception” into “objective data metrics.” This article starts from basic concepts, breaking down the purposes, parameters, and selection logic of test charts, as well as chart materials, mounting, usage, and storage, to help you precisely match testing requirements and use test charts correctly.$tan\frac{DFO… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:emva_1288&rev=1783670610&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) EMVA 1288: Standard for Characterization of Image Sensors and Cameras 1. Background The EMVA 1288 standard$\eta$$K$$K = \frac{\text{DN}}{\text{e}^-}$$\mathrm{SNR_{p,max}}$$T_d$$$ \eta = \frac{\mu_e}{\mu_p} \tag{1}$$$\mu_p$$\mu_e$$$\mu_y = \mu_{y,\text{dark}} + K \eta \mu_p \tag{2}$$$\mu_y$$\mu_{y,\text{dark}}$$K$$\text{DN}/e^-$$$\eta = \frac{\mu_y -… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:33+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:ieee_2020_2024_flicker&rev=1783670613&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) IEEE 2020-2024 Flicker Test 1. Definition of Flicker Flicker refers to the phenomenon of periodic brightness fluctuations, banding, or local brightness instability in images captured by a camera. This phenomenon is essentially caused by a mismatch in temporal sampling. LED lights typically emit light in pulses at frequencies of hundreds of times per… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:32+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:ieee_2020_2024_cpi&rev=1783670612&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) IEEE 2020-2024 CPI Test Definition of CPI Contrast is a crucial fundamental condition for distinguishing objects from their surroundings. $(L_{in})$$(L_{in})=(L_{max}+L_{min})/2$$L_{in}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$C_{W}$$C_{M}$$C_{W}=\frac{L_{max}}{L_{min}}-1$$C_{W}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$C_{W}$$L_{min}$$C_{M}=\frac{L_{max}-L_{min}}{L_{max}+L_{… text/html 2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:image_quality_evaluation&rev=1784807986&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Image Quality Assessment Overview Image Quality Assessment (IQA) refers to the subjective and objective analysis and evaluation of the imaging performance (such as resolution, noise, distortion, color, dynamic range, etc.) of an imaging system under given conditions (such as the captured scene, lighting environment, and display device input of a cam… text/html 2026-08-21T14:40:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=wiki:langswitch_map&rev=1787323226&do=diff  Language Switch Map 维护说明： * 第一列是中文页面ID * 第二列是英文页面ID * 只改表格，不要改格式 * 新增映射时一行一条 中文页ID 英文页ID yanding:成像基础知识:光学:几何光学:主光线角 text/html 2026-07-23T12:51:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=yanding:%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7:%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E7%94%A8%E4%BE%8B:camera%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E7%94%A8%E4%BE%8B:%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4&rev=1784811078&do=diff 动态范围 一、什么是动态范围 动态范围（Dynamic Range，简称DR） 对于图像信号来说，指可变化信号最大值与最小值的比值；用于描述成像设备能同时记录真实场景的最暗区域到最亮区域的最大亮度范围，常用分贝（dB)、曝光数值（EV）或 ”档“（f-stops) 为单位计量。 text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:06+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:light_sources:traffic_light_simulation_platform&rev=1783670586&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Yanding Road Traffic Signal Light Simulation and Testing Platform With the continuous development of autonomous driving technology, corresponding testing methods must also be upgraded synchronously. Current testing mostly focuses on lane detection, object tracking, and scene understanding. However, road traffic signal light recognition, as a critical… text/html 2026-07-10T08:02:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:color_gamut&rev=1783670563&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Do Digital Cameras Have a Color Gamut? With the increasingly widespread application of digital images, the colorimetric term text/html 2026-07-24T07:49:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:test_cases&rev=1784879388&do=diff Test Cases This section provides practical test cases for image quality evaluation, organized by application: * Camera Test Cases * Image Quality Evaluation Overview * Dynamic Range * Noise * Sharpness * White Balance * Distortion * Uniformity * Color Reproduction * Chromatic Aberration * Field of View * Exposure Time * Frame Rate * Glare * Spatial Frequency Response (SFR) * Texture Loss * Gray Scale Response * Image Stabilization * MTF/S… text/html 2026-08-21T14:40:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors&rev=1787323226&do=diff Image Quality Factors This section covers common image quality issues in imaging systems, including: * MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) * Acutance * Distortion * Flare * White Balance * Noise * Dynamic Range * Chromatic Aberration * Field of View * Uniformity (Shading) * Spatial Frequency Units text/html 2026-07-23T12:51:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=yanding:%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7:%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%87:%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4_dynamic_range&rev=1784811077&do=diff 动态范围（Dynamic Range） 逆光拍摄时，天空过曝看不清细节，前景人物却黑成 “剪影”（见图1）；夜间拍路灯场景，灯源过曝刺眼，而路边的行人和路标却隐入暗部难以分辨（见图2）；室内外混合光照下，窗边强光过曝，房间角落却一片模糊（见图3） —— 这些拍摄中常见的“遗憾”，本质都是相机动态范围不足导致的。动态范围是相机 “捕捉明暗细节的能力边界”，接下来，本文将深入探讨动态范围背后的原理。$DR_{dB}=20log_{10}(\frac{L_{max}}{L_{min}})$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$… text/html 2025-12-23T01:56:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=yanding:%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7:%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%8C%96%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95:iso_15739_%E5%99%AA%E5%A3%B0%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95&rev=1766454990&do=diff ISO 15739：噪声测试 概述 ISO 15739标准规定了数字相机噪声（Noise)和动态范围 (Dynamic Range)​的测试方法。 标准： ISO 15739 Photography — Electronic still-picture imaging — Noise measurements 技术委员会： ISO/TC 42 Photography 术语和定义${L_{j}}$$g(L_{j})$$$ g(L_{j}) = \frac{1}{2} [ \frac{ I(L_{j})-I(L_{i}) } {L_{j}-L_{i} } + \frac { I(L_{k}) - I(L_{j}) } {L_{k}-L_{j}} ] $$$I(L_{j})$$L_{j}$$L_{i}$$L_{k}$$L_{j}$$$ Q_{total} = \frac{ g(L_{j})* L_{j} }{ \varrho_{total}… text/html 2026-08-20T02:50:53+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:noise&rev=1787194253&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Noise I. Definition Image noise refers to the unintended interference superimposed on the target signal during image acquisition, transmission, or processing. Its external manifestation is the $\sigma_{\text{signal}} = \sqrt{N_{\text{signal}}}$$I_{\text{dark}} \propto A \cdot T^3 e^{-\frac{E_g}{kT}}$$I_{\text{dark}}$$T$$E_g$$k$$A$$\sigma_{\text{dark… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:32+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:gb_t_45500_2025_lidar&rev=1783670612&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) GB/T 45500-2025 Performance Requirements and Test Methods for Automotive LiDAR GB/T 45500-2025 “Performance Requirements and Test Methods for Automotive LiDAR$\sigma_d \leq \max(0.1\ \text{m}, 0.25\% \cdot S)$$|\delta_d| \leq \max(0.2\ \text{m}, 0.5\% \cdot S)$$(P)$$P \leqslant 1.5 \times \max(\sigma_{\text{d}}, \left| \delta_{\text{d}} \right|)$$$P … text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:34+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:iso_15739_noise&rev=1783670614&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) ISO 15739: Noise Measurements Overview The ISO 15739 standard specifies the test methods for noise and dynamic range of digital cameras.${L_{j}}$$g(L_{j})$$$ g(L_{j}) = \frac{1}{2} [ \frac{ I(L_{j})-I(L_{i}) } {L_{j}-L_{i} } + \frac { I(L_{k}) - I(L_{j}) } {L_{k}-L_{j}} ] $$$I(L_{j})$$L_… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:adas_test_cases:contrast_performance_index_cpi&rev=1783670594&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Contrast Performance Indicators (CPI) 1. Concept of Contrast Performance Indicators (CPI) Contrast is a crucial fundamental condition for distinguishing objects from their surroundings. Contrast Performance Indicators (CPI) are used to evaluate the contrast reproduction capability of an imaging system and are mainly divided into two types: Contrast … text/html 2026-07-23T11:59:45+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:image_stabilization&rev=1784807985&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Image Stabilization 1. What is Camera Shake When capturing a running child in a park with a smartphone, a blurred photo misses the lively moment; when operating a drone to photograph landscapes, severe camera shake in the footage ruins the charm of the magnificent scenery; at critical moments in security surveillance, blurred images make it impossib… text/html 2026-08-18T11:04:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:image_sensors:pn_junction&rev=1787051098&do=diff PN Junction I. Definition A p–n junction is a microstructure formed at the interface where a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor are in close contact. It exhibits unidirectional (direction-dependent) electrical behavior and is a fundamental basis for photoelectric conversion in image sensors. text/html 2026-08-20T02:50:54+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&rev=1787194254&do=diff 图像质量指标 * 空间频率响应 * 动态范围 * 噪声 * 均匀性 * 杂光 * 畸变 * 视场角 * 色差 * 锐度 * 白平衡 text/html 2026-07-15T12:13:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:keywords&rev=1784117593&do=diff dynamic range/color reproduction/spatial frequency response/uniformity/distortion/flare/flicker/CMS/test charts text/html 2025-10-29T11:11:08+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=wiki:syntax&rev=1761736268&do=diff Formatting Syntax DokuWiki supports some simple markup language, which tries to make the datafiles to be as readable as possible. This page contains all possible syntax you may use when editing the pages. Simply have a look at the source of this page by pressing text/html 2026-08-20T02:50:54+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=yanding:%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7:%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%87:%E5%99%AA%E5%A3%B0_noise&rev=1787194254&do=diff 噪声（Noise） 一、定义 图像噪声（Image Noise）是指在图像采集、传输或处理过程中，叠加于目标信号之上的非预期干扰。其外在表现为像素亮度或色度的随机波动（如颗粒感、杂色、不规则斑点等）。噪声直接影响图像信噪比（SNR）与视觉质量，是限制$\sigma_{\text{signal}} = \sqrt{N_{\text{signal}}}$$I_{\text{dark}} \propto A \cdot T^3 e^{-\frac{E_g}{kT}}$$I_{\text{dark}}$$T$$E_g$$k$$A$$\sigma_{\text{dark}} = \sqrt{N_{\text{dark}}}$$\sigma_{\text{dark}}$$N_{\text{dark}}$$V_{\text{KTC}} = \sqrt{\frac{kT}{C}}$$V_{\text{thermal}} = \sqrt{4kTRB}$$V_{\text{thermal}} $$S_V(f) \propto \frac{1}{f^\gamma}$$$\text{RMS Noise} … text/html 2025-11-18T07:38:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=yanding:%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7:%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%8C%96%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95:qc_t_1128-2019_%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E7%94%A8%E6%91%84%E5%83%8F%E5%A4%B4_%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88&rev=1763451496&do=diff 《QC/T 1128-2019：汽车用摄像头》图像解决方案 概述 《QC/T 1128-2019：汽车用摄像头》是我国汽车行业推荐性标准，2019 年发布实施，适用于汽车行驶辅助、环视、倒车等场景的车载摄像头，涵盖光学性能、成像质量、可靠性等相关参数要求与测试方法。本篇文章将重点解读其图像性能测试内容。$\text{SNR (dB)} = 20\log_{10}\left(\frac{\text{Si}}{\text{Ni}}\right)$${Si}$\( i \)${Ni}$\( i \)$$\text{DR} = 20 \left( D_{\text{SNR}=1} - D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}} \right)$$$D_{\text{SNR}=1}$$D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}}$$t_{on}$$t_{SL}$$$\theta_{\text{icolor}} = \begin{cases} \arctan\left( \dfrac{v'_{ti} - v'_{tr}}{u'_{ti} - u'_{tr}} \right) … text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:33+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:ieee_2020_2024_flare&rev=1783670613&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) IEEE 2020-2024 Standard Flare Test I. Definition of Flare Flare refers to non-imaging light that propagates to the image plane along unintended optical paths, resulting in reduced image contrast and undesirable imaging artifacts. In this standard, $$F=\frac{S_{Black}}{S_{White}}\times 100\%$$$S_{Black}$$S_{White}$$L_{ref}$$R_{ref}$$R_{flare}$$E_{f… text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:14+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:adas_test_cases:flicker&rev=1783670594&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Flicker 1. What is Flicker In the field of automotive imaging, Flicker refers to the phenomenon of periodic brightness fluctuations, banding, or local brightness instability in images captured by a camera. This phenomenon is not the text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:29+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:cms_test_cases:cms_frame_rate&rev=1783670609&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) I. Definition CMS frame rate refers to the total number of valid images completely displayed by the vehicle Camera Monitor System (CMS) per unit of time, encompassing image capture, processing, transmission, and display. The unit is text/html 2026-07-10T08:03:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:test_charts:18_gray&rev=1783670587&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) 18% Gray I. What is 18% Gray? 18% gray refers to a neutral gray with a light reflectance of 18%, commonly used for exposure calibration (e.g., using a gray card) and color management (e.g., custom white balance, post-production color grading reference). text/html 2026-07-24T05:17:36+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:camera_module:auto_exposure&rev=1784870256&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Auto Exposure (AE) Proper exposure makes images look more realistic and comfortable, and it is the first and crucial step affecting subsequent image processing. The three common parameters for controlling exposure are exposure time, sensitivity (ISO), and aperture. As one of the three common means to control exposure, aperture is rarely mentioned in … text/html 2026-07-24T02:37:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:lidar:angular_resolution&rev=1784860639&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Angular Resolution 1. What is Angular Resolution? Angular resolution refers to the angle formed by the central axes of two adjacent laser detection points at the ranging center during the scanning and detection process of a LiDAR. Depending on the scanning direction, it can be divided into $\Delta L$$\theta$$$\Delta L = d \cdot \tan(\theta) \approx … text/html 2026-07-24T02:37:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:lidar:fmcw&rev=1784860639&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) 1. Definition and Principles: Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW)$\Delta t$$\Delta t/2$$c$$3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s}$$$r = \frac{\Delta t}{2} \times c$$$f_d$$\lambda$$$v = \frac{f_d \times \lambda}{2}$$ text/html 2026-07-24T02:37:19+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://wiki.yanding.com/doku.php?id=en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:lidar:ranging_capability&rev=1784860639&do=diff FIXME This page is not fully translated, yet. Please help completing the translation. (remove this paragraph once the translation is finished) Ranging Capability I. Introduction Ranging capability is a key fundamental metric for evaluating the detection performance of $P_t$$A_r$$\alpha$$R$$\sqrt{\rho}$$R \propto \sqrt{\rho}$$$P_r = P_t \cdot \frac{A_r}{R^2} \cdot \rho \cdot \eta_{sys} \cdot \exp(-2\alpha R)$$$P_r$$P_t$$A_r$$R$$\rho$$\eta_{sys}$$\alpha$