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2026-08-24T00:01:00+00:00研鼎知识库
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RIQA—Camera Color Analysis Module
The RIQA—Camera Color Analysis Module is used to evaluate the color metrics of imaging systems, including data on color difference, luminance, saturation, and other aspects. This module supports testing with standard 24-color, 140-color, and 14-color charts.$ CIE$$L_{ab}$text/html2026-07-10T08:02:41+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:cie_colorimetric_system
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CIE Colorimetric System
1. History and Fundamentals
In the early 19th century, it was discovered that the human eye has three types of cells for color perception. It was also known that two lights with different spectra could produce the same color (metamerism). It was hypothesized that each cone cell has a spectral sensitivity corresponding to R, G…text/html2026-07-10T08:02:43+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:color_gamut
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Do Digital Cameras Have a Color Gamut?
With the increasingly widespread application of digital images, the colorimetric termtext/html2026-07-10T08:02:42+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:metamerism
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Is Metamerism Far Removed from Our Daily Lives?
Metamerism is a colorimetric term used to describe the phenomenon where color stimuli with different spectral compositions produce the same color perception (i.e., have the same tristimulus values). The English word for this istext/html2026-07-10T08:02:43+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:cri_ra_vs_ri
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Difference Between Color Rendering Index Ra and Ri
In fields such as lighting design, color management, and image creation, the color rendering index is a core metric for evaluating a light source's ability to reproduce object colors. $$R_i = 100 - 4.6 \Delta E$$$ \Delta E_i$$ \Delta E_i$$R_{i}$$$Ra =\frac{(R₁+R₂+R₃+R₄+R₅+R₆+R₇+R₈)}{8}$$…text/html2026-07-10T08:02:42+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:color_rendering
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Color Rendering
I. What is Color Rendering
Color rendering refers to the ability of a light source to reproduce the true colors of objects compared to a standard light source (i.e., the degree of color fidelity of the objects). The standard light source is based on the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard illuminants, with natura…text/html2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:white_balance
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White Balance
The environment we live in is vibrant and colorful, featuring a red umbrella, a yellow beach chair, or a clear blue sky. White balance is utilized in cameras to ensure accurate color reproduction of subjects during capture. In addition to automatic color adjustment, semi-automatic and manual adjustments are also available.text/html2026-07-23T11:59:45+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:color_reproduction
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Color Reproduction
1. Definition of Color Reproduction
Color reproduction refers to the process by which color film reproduces the colors of a photographic image to closely match the original object through shooting and printing. In digital cameras, it refers to the ability to restore the colors of a photographic image through data processing and co…text/html2026-07-10T08:03:05+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:light_sources:multispectral_light_box
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Multispectral Light Booth — Setting a New Standard for Optical Testing Accuracy, Providing Precise "Calibration" Answers for Every Ray of Lighttext/html2026-07-10T08:03:37+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:qc_t_1128_2019
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Image Solutions for "QC/T 1128-2019: Automotive Cameras"
Overview
“QC/T 1128-2019: Automotive Cameras$\text{SNR (dB)} = 20\log_{10}\left(\frac{\text{Si}}{\text{Ni}}\right)$${Si}$\( i \)${Ni}$\( i \)$$\text{DR} = 20 \left( D_{\text{SNR}=1} - D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}} \right)$$$D_{\text{SNR}=1}$$D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}}$$t_{on}$$t_{SL}$$$\theta_{\tex…text/html2026-07-10T08:02:41+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:luminance_equation
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How is the luminance equation used for converting color images to grayscale images determined?
Overview$\bar{x}(\lambda),\bar{y}(\lambda),\bar{z}(\lambda)$$\rm{C}= \begin{bmatrix} x_{[R]} & x_{[G]} & x_{[B]} \\ y_{[R]} & y_{[G]} & y_{[B]} \\ z_{[R]} & z_{[G]} & z_{[B]} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.67 & 0.21 & 0.14 \\ 0.33 & 0.71 & 0.08 \\ 0.00 …text/html2025-12-05T09:41:46+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像质量评价:工具:riqa图像质量分析软件:riqa-camera色彩模块
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RIQA—Camera色彩分析模块
RIQA—Camera色彩分析模块用于评估成像系统的色彩指标，包括色差、亮度、饱和度等方面的数据。该模块支持标准24色卡、标准140色卡以及标准14色卡的测试。
色彩模块支持的测试图卡：$ CIE$$L_{ab}$text/html2026-07-10T08:02:44+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:basic_color_processing
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Basic Color Processing
Digital cameras can capture color images, but the color processing in a camera is a highly complex and crucial process.text/html2026-07-10T08:02:40+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:cie_standard_illuminants
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CIE Standard Illuminants
CIE Standard Illuminants are “theoretical spectral power distribution (SPD) data$M_{e,\lambda}$$(1/3, 1/3)$text/html2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:image_quality_evaluation
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Image Quality Assessment
Overview
Image Quality Assessment (IQA) refers to the subjective and objective analysis and evaluation of the imaging performance (such as resolution, noise, distortion, color, dynamic range, etc.) of an imaging system under given conditions (such as the captured scene, lighting environment, and display device input of a cam…text/html2026-07-23T11:59:47+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:uniformity
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Uniformity
I. Concept of Uniformity
Uniformity encompasses image luminance uniformity and image color uniformity.text/html2026-07-10T08:03:28+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:cms_test_cases:cms_color_reproduction
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CMS Color Reproduction
Concept
CMS Color Reproduction refers to the ability of the Camera Monitor System (CMS) to accurately reproduce the colors of the original scene on the in-vehicle monitor after capturing the scene information around the vehicle via external cameras, followed by image processing and transmission. It encompasses the precise repr…text/html2026-07-10T08:03:06+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:light_sources:traffic_light_simulation_platform
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Yanding Road Traffic Signal Light Simulation and Testing Platform
With the continuous development of autonomous driving technology, corresponding testing methods must also be upgraded synchronously. Current testing mostly focuses on lane detection, object tracking, and scene understanding. However, road traffic signal light recognition, as a critical…text/html2026-07-24T03:04:34+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:image_sensors:bayer_filter
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Bayer Filter
1. Why is a Bayer Filter Needed?
The core of an image sensor is a silicon-based photodiode, which can only measure the amount of charge generated by incident light and cannot directly perceive the color of the light.text/html2026-07-10T08:03:35+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:iso_16505_cms_color_reproduction
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ISO 16505: CMS Color Reproduction Test
Color reproduction (Colour rendering) refers to the ability of a Camera Monitor System ($(u'_r, v'_r)$$(u'_{it}, v'_{it})$$(\Delta u' = u'_{it} - u'_r, \Delta v' = v'_{it} - v'_r)$$\theta_{icolor}$$\left( (u'_{it} - u'_r) \geq 0 \text{ and } (v'_{it} - v'_r) \geq 0 \right): \theta_{icolor} = \arctan\left( \frac{…text/html2026-07-10T08:03:36+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:iso_17957_shading
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ISO 17957: Shading Test
The ISO 17957 standard specifies the shading measurement methods for digital cameras (including camera phones). This method includes test procedures for measuring both color signal components and luminance signal components.$$D_L = \max\left[L^*(i)\right] - \ min\left[L^*(i)\right] $$$$D_Y = \frac{\max[Y(i)] - \min[Y(i)]}{\max…text/html2026-07-27T12:31:31+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:white_balance
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Auto White Balance
I. Color Constancy
White balance is based on the phenomenon of color constancy in human vision. Color constancy refers to the ability of the visual system to maintain a stable perception of object colors under illumination with different spectral distributions.text/html2026-08-19T03:34:37+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:test_charts:chart_selection_guide
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How to Choose the Right Test Chart?
In image quality evaluation (e.g., for cameras, LiDAR, etc.), test charts are standardized and reproducible core tools—they translate “subjective visual perception” into “objective data metrics.” This article starts from basic concepts, breaking down the purposes, parameters, and selection logic of test charts, as well as chart materials, mounting, usage, and storage, to help you precisely match testing requirements and use test charts correctly.$tan\frac{DFO…text/html2026-07-28T07:26:01+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:uniformity_shading
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Shading
I.Concept
Shading comprises luminance shading and color shading.
* Luminance shading refers to the uneven distribution of brightness from the center to the edges of an image (Figure 1).
* Color shading refers to the inconsistent color reproduction from the center to the edges of an image (Figure 2).$\theta$$\theta$$\cos^4\theta$text/html2026-08-21T14:40:26+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)wiki:langswitch_map
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Language Switch Map
维护说明：
* 第一列是中文页面ID
* 第二列是英文页面ID
* 只改表格，不要改格式
* 新增映射时一行一条
中文页ID 英文页ID yanding:成像基础知识:光学:几何光学:主光线角text/html2026-07-10T08:03:07+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:test_charts:18_gray
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18% Gray
I. What is 18% Gray?
18% gray refers to a neutral gray with a light reflectance of 18%, commonly used for exposure calibration (e.g., using a gray card) and color management (e.g., custom white balance, post-production color grading reference).text/html2026-07-24T05:20:27+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:optics_basics
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Optics
Covering key areas such as geometric optics, colorimetry, radiation and luminescence, radiometry and photometry, providing theoretical support for imaging principles.
geometric_optics colorimetry radiation_and_luminescence radiometry_photometry Geometric Optics Colorimetry Radiation and Luminescence Radiometry and Photometry
Geometric Optics
Geometric optics uses light rays as an abstract model to describe the laws of light propagation, ignoring wave effects of…text/html2026-08-14T07:46:35+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:mtf_sfr_analysis_and_testing
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MTF (Modulation Transfer Function)
I.Definition
MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) is the modulus of the Optical Transfer Function (OTF), defined as the ratio of the output modulation of the system to the input modulation, describing the contrast transfer capability of an imaging system at different spatial frequencies.$$MTF(f)=\frac{M_{\text{out}}(f)}{M_{\text{in}}(f)}=|OTF(f)|$$$M$$$M=\frac{I_{\max}-I_{\min}}{I_{\max}+I_{\min}}$$$I_{max}$$I_{min}$text/html2026-07-10T08:03:30+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:emva_1288
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EMVA 1288: Standard for Characterization of Image Sensors and Cameras
1. Background
The EMVA 1288 standard$\eta$$K$$K = \frac{\text{DN}}{\text{e}^-}$$\mathrm{SNR_{p,max}}$$T_d$$$ \eta = \frac{\mu_e}{\mu_p} \tag{1}$$$\mu_p$$\mu_e$$$\mu_y = \mu_{y,\text{dark}} + K \eta \mu_p \tag{2}$$$\mu_y$$\mu_{y,\text{dark}}$$K$$\text{DN}/e^-$$$\eta = \frac{\mu_y -…text/html2026-07-16T09:56:27+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry
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Colorimetry
* CIE Colorimetric System
* Color Gamut
* Metamerism
* Luminance Equation
* Color Rendering
* Difference between CRI Ra and Ri
* Basic Color Processingtext/html2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:chromatic_aberration
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Chromatic Aberration
1. What is Chromatic Aberration
Chromatic aberration, also known as “color fringingtext/html2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:texture_loss
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Texture Loss
1. Concept of Texture
In the field of digital imaging, texture generally refers to low-contrast details. For example, the leaves on a tree or each blade of grass in a prairie are details, also known as texture. In principle, a camera should be able to reproduce these details. For a camera, distinguishing texture from unwanted noise in …text/html2026-07-10T08:03:08+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:test_charts:usage_maintenance_storage_guide
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Guidelines for the Use, Maintenance, and Storage of Test Charts
Test charts are indispensable reference tools in image quality evaluation, and their integrity directly determines the accuracy of test results. Improper use and storage environments can cause charts to fade, scratch, or deform, thereby rendering them useless for calibration.text/html2026-07-23T12:51:17+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:dynamic_range
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Dynamic Range
I. What is Dynamic Range
Dynamic Range (DR)
For image signals, it refers to the ratio of the maximum to the minimum value of the variable signal; it is used to describe the maximum luminance range from the darkest to the brightest areas of a real scene that an imaging device can simultaneously record. It is commonly measured in decibe…text/html2026-07-10T08:03:05+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:light_sources:nd_filter
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Introduction and Application of Neutral Density Filters
A Neutral Density Filter (ND filter) is an optical device used to uniformly attenuate the intensity of incident light without altering its spectral color temperature. Its core function is to flexibly control the amount of light entering the lens in high-brightness environments, accommodating spe…text/html2026-07-24T07:49:48+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:test_cases
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Test Cases
This section provides practical test cases for image quality evaluation, organized by application:
* Camera Test Cases
* Image Quality Evaluation Overview
* Dynamic Range
* Noise
* Sharpness
* White Balance
* Distortion
* Uniformity
* Color Reproduction
* Chromatic Aberration
* Field of View
* Exposure Time
* Frame Rate
* Glare
* Spatial Frequency Response (SFR)
* Texture Loss
* Gray Scale Response
* Image Stabilization
* MTF/S…text/html2026-07-23T11:59:47+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像质量评价:测试用例:camera测试用例:均匀性
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均匀性
一、均匀性的概念
均匀性包含图像亮度均匀性和图像色彩均匀性。
亮度均匀性指的是图像从中心到四周边缘的亮度分布一致性。亮度均匀性较差时，即图像的中心到边缘会出现亮度不一致现象，如图1，呈现中心亮，四周偏暗现象，即亮度衰减问题。text/html2026-07-10T08:03:06+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:light_sources:matrix_traffic_light
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Yanding Matrix Traffic Light Helps ADAS Systems Accurately Recognize Traffic Light Status
Introductiontext/html2026-07-10T08:03:07+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:tools:test_charts:material_selection_guide
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Test Chart Material Selection Guide
Test charts are core tools in fields such as optical testing and imaging system evaluation. Their materials directly affect testing accuracy, service life, and applicable scenarios. Selecting the appropriate test chart material requires a comprehensive analysis of the pros and cons of various materials, taking into…text/html2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:exposure_time
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Exposure Time
1. What is Exposure Time?
In layman's terms, exposure time is the time interval from pressing the shutter button to releasing it, measured in seconds. From a professional perspective, exposure time mainly refers to the photosensitive duration of the sensor. The longer the exposure time, the brighter the image, which is suitable for low…text/html2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:sfr
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Spatial Frequency Response (SFR)
1. Concept of Spatial Frequency Response
Spatial Frequency Response (text/html2026-08-11T02:56:43+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:cms_test_cases:cms_depth_of_field
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CMS Depth of Field
I.Definition
Depth of Field (DoF) of a CMS (Camera–Monitor System) refers to the object-distance range behind the vehicle over which targets can be sharply imaged.
In optical imaging, object points outside the focal plane produce defocused blur on the image sensor, typically described by the \(MTF10_{(1:1)}\)$$MTF10_{(1:1)} \geq 0.9^*MTF10_{MIN(1:1)} \left[ \text{LW/PH} \right]\tag{1}$$$$MTF10_{(1:1)} \geq \frac{1}{2} MTF10_{MIN(1:1)} \left[ \text{LW/PH} \right]]\tag{2}$$$…text/html2026-07-23T12:51:18+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:chief_ray_angle
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Chief Ray Angle (CRA)
1. Definition
The Chief Ray Angle (CRA) refers to the angle between the chief ray and the normal to the image plane.text/html2026-07-24T05:20:31+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence:led
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Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
I.Definition
A Light-Emitting Diode (LED) is a solid-state semiconductor device centered around a PN junction. When an electric current passes through the chip, electrons from the N-type region and holes from the P-type region undergo radiative recombination at the junction. This process releases energy in the form of photons, achieving the direct conversion of electrical energy into light.$E_g$$E = h\nu$$c = \lambda\nu$$\lambda$text/html2026-08-07T07:58:52+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:cie_luminous_efficiency_function
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CIE Standard Luminous Efficiency Function
I. Definition
The CIE luminous efficiency function $V(\lambda)$ is a standard response function established by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) to describe the relative visual sensitivity of the standard observer$\Phi_{e,\lambda}$$\lambda$$\Phi_{e,\lambda_m}$$\lambda_m$$\Phi_{e,\lambda_m}/\Phi_{e,\lambda}$$V(\lambda)$$L > 5 cd·m⁻²$$V(\lambda)$$CIE 1988 (CIE 086-1990)$$4^\circ$\(V(\lambda)\)$4^\circ$\(V_{10}(\lambda)\)$L < 0.005\ \math…text/html2026-07-24T07:44:26+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:test_equipment
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Test Tools User Guide
Test Charts
* How to Choose the Right Test Chart
* Test Chart Material Selection Guide
* Test Chart Usage, Maintenance and Storage Guide
* 18% Gray
Light Sources
* Multispectral Light Box
* ND Filter
* Matrix Traffic Light
* Traffic Light Simulation Platform
Collimator
* Collimator Structure
* Collimator Focal Length Matching
* Collimator Pupil Matching
* Collimator Object Distance Calculation
RIQA Image Quality Analysis Software
RIQA is…text/html2026-07-24T07:49:20+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing
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Standardized Testing
This section covers standardized testing methods for image quality evaluation, including:
* ISO 12233 SFR Testing
* ISO 15739 Noise Testing
* ISO 16505 CMS Depth of Field Testing
* ISO 16505 CMS Color Reproduction Testing
* ISO 17850 Distortion Testing
* ISO 17957 Shading Testing
* ISO 18844 Flare Testing
* EMVA 1288
* IEEE 2020-2024 CPI Testing
* IEEE 2020-2024 Flare Testing
* IEEE 2020-2024 Flicker Testing
* GB 15084-2022 CMS
* GB/T 43249-2023 P…text/html2026-07-23T12:51:17+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像质量评价:图像质量指标:均匀性_shading
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均匀性
一、均匀性的概念
均匀性包含图像亮度均匀性和图像色彩均匀性。
亮度均匀性指的是图像从中心到四周边缘的亮度分布一致性。亮度均匀性较差时，即图像的中心到边缘会出现亮度不一致现象，如图1，呈现中心亮，四周偏暗现象，即亮度衰减问题。text/html2026-07-10T08:03:37+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:iso_18844_flare
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ISO 18844: Flare Measurement
Overview
The ISO 18844:2017 standard specifies the measurement method for flare in digital cameras.$$F=\frac{S_{Black}}{S_{White}}\times 100\%$$$S_{Black}$$S_{White}$$\frac{|E_\mathrm{max}-E_\mathrm{avg}|}{E_\mathrm{avg}}<0.05,\quad \frac{|E_\mathrm{min}-E_\mathrm{avg}|}{E_\mathrm{avg}}<0.05$$\mathrm{CCT}=5700\ \mathrm{K…text/html2026-07-23T12:57:52+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像基础知识:成像系统:图像传感器:bayer_filter
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Bayer Filter
一、为什么需要 Bayer Filter?
图像传感器的核心是硅基光电二极管，它只能测量入射光产生的电荷量，而无法直接感知光的颜色。当光子被硅材料吸收后，会产生电子-空穴对并形成电荷信号。无论这些光子来自红光、绿光还是蓝光，其产生的电荷在电学上并无区别，在光电转换过程仅能反映入射光的强弱，无法保留光子的波长信息。因此，要生成彩色图像，需要获取红（R）、绿（G）、蓝（B）三个通道的信号。…text/html2026-07-23T11:59:46+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:gray_scale_response
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Grayscale Response
I. Concept of Grayscale
Grayscale refers to the division of luminance variations between the brightest and darkest points into different levels. It is generally divided into seven rough levels: white, grayish-white, light gray, gray, dark gray, light black, and black. Each level represents a change in luminance, largely reflectin…text/html2026-07-10T08:03:15+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:mtf_sfr_dead_leaves
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MTF/SFR Measurement — Dead Leaves Method
Principle:
Based on a random circular texture pattern that closely resembles natural scenes, this method extracts the texture Power Spectral Density (PSD) and subtracts the noise. It then calculates the ratio of the modulation amplitude at each frequency to the target modulation to obtain the MTF/SFR values. …text/html2026-07-23T11:59:47+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:noise
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Noise
Definition and Sources of Noise
In the field of imaging, noise typically refers to random interference signals carrying non-target information introduced during image acquisition, transmission, or processing. It manifests as irregular variations in luminance or color (such as graininess, color mottling, or irregular spots), directly affecting…text/html2026-07-23T12:51:18+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:cms_test_cases:cms_geometric_distortion
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CMS Geometric Distortion
Concept
In the Camera Monitor System (CMS), distortion refers to the deviation of the imaging result from the ideal projection model, and its definition varies depending on the ideal reference.$h_{ideal}$$\text{RadialDistortion} = \frac{\Delta h}{h_{ideal}} = \frac{h_{monitor} - h_{ideal}}{h_{ideal}} = \frac{h_{monitor}}{h_{…text/html2026-07-10T08:03:27+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:cms_test_cases:cms_gray_level_reproduction
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CMS Gray Scale Reproduction
Test Method:
Display the gray scale test chart on the monitor, measure the luminance of each gray patch displayed on the monitor, calculate the lightness of each gray patch according to Formula (1), and then calculate the lightness difference between adjacent gray patches according to Formula (2). The requirement is that …text/html2026-07-24T05:20:27+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence:blackbody
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Blackbody
I. What is a Blackbody?
A blackbody is an idealized physical model under thermal equilibrium (energy conservation), which completely absorbs all wavelengths of incident electromagnetic radiation without reflection or transmission.
Per the law of conservation of energy:$$M_\lambda(\lambda, T) = \frac{c_1}{\lambda^5} \frac{1}{e^{\frac{c_2}{\lambda T}} - 1}$$$M_\lambda$$W \cdot m^{-3}$$\lambda$$T$$c_1 = 2\pi h c^2$$W \cdot m^2$$c_2 = \frac{hc}{k_B}$$m \cdot K$$k_B $$J \cdot K^{-1}$$\l…text/html2026-07-27T03:21:39+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence:fluorescent_lamp
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Fluorescent Lamps
I.Operating Principle
A fluorescent lamp is a low-pressure mercury-vapor discharge lamp.
Figure 1. Fluorescent Lamps Source:<https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/imagesq=tbn:ANd9GcQZ24eUEu6hOwnLwvXjWLTZJ1AlXA7WGtjasm6aMuqODp1QJfyeekTpkQXtMWxsjcIoRWSUd3z6YTU8W8oDcmeUvyir7t_vWeNacg7amg&s=10>
During operation, an electric discharge excites mercury vapor inside the tube, producing predominantly ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Approximately 90% of the radiated energy is emitte…text/html2026-07-15T12:13:13+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:keywords
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dynamic range/color reproduction/spatial frequency response/uniformity/distortion/flare/flicker/CMS/test chartstext/html2026-04-16T08:49:20+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像质量评价:标准化测试:iso_16505_cms色彩还原测试
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ISO 16505：CMS色彩还原测试
色彩还原（Colour rendering） 指摄像机监视系统（CMS）将目标图卡的原始色彩在显示器上准确再现的能力。
指标（ISO 16505 6.8.3）：
对于色彩还原，显示器上图卡色块再现颜色的色调角应满足以下要求。颜色坐标基于 CIE1976 色彩空间进行描述： $(u'_r′ , v'_r )$$(u'_{it} ,v'_{it})$$（Δu′=u'_{it} - u'_r、Δv′=v'_{it} - v'_r ）$$\left( (u'_{it} - u'_r) \geq 0 \text{且} (v'_{it} - v'_r) \geq 0 \right)：\theta_{icolor} = \arctan\left( \frac{v'_{it}-v'_r}{u'_{it}-u'_r} \right)$$\left( (u'_{it} - u'_r) < 0 \text{且} (v'_{it} - v'_r) \geq 0 \right)： \theta_{icolor} = 180^\circ + \arctan\left(…text/html2025-11-18T07:38:16+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像质量评价:标准化测试:qc_t_1128-2019_汽车用摄像头_图像解决方案
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《QC/T 1128-2019：汽车用摄像头》图像解决方案
概述
《QC/T 1128-2019：汽车用摄像头》是我国汽车行业推荐性标准，2019 年发布实施，适用于汽车行驶辅助、环视、倒车等场景的车载摄像头，涵盖光学性能、成像质量、可靠性等相关参数要求与测试方法。本篇文章将重点解读其图像性能测试内容。$\text{SNR (dB)} = 20\log_{10}\left(\frac{\text{Si}}{\text{Ni}}\right)$${Si}$\( i \)${Ni}$\( i \)$$\text{DR} = 20 \left( D_{\text{SNR}=1} - D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}} \right)$$$D_{\text{SNR}=1}$$D_{\text{SNR}=\text{MAX}}$$t_{on}$$t_{SL}$$$\theta_{\text{icolor}} =
\begin{cases}
\arctan\left( \dfrac{v'_{ti} - v'_{tr}}{u'_{ti} - u'_{tr}} \right) …text/html2026-07-24T03:00:19+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:chromatic_aberration
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Chromatic Aberration
I. What is Chromatic Aberration
Chromatic Aberration (CA) refers to the phenomenon where a lens fails to focus all wavelengths of light to the same focal point, resulting in colored fringes (commonly purple, green, or red) along high-contrast edges. Its essence lies in the dispersion of optical materials—the refractive index n v…text/html2026-07-24T03:00:19+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:dynamic_range
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Dynamic Range
When shooting against the light, the sky is overexposed and lacks detail, while the foreground subjects are reduced to black $DR_{dB}=20log_{10}(\frac{L_{max}}{L_{min}})$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$text/html2026-08-20T02:50:53+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:noise
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Noise
I. Definition
Image noise refers to the unintended interference superimposed on the target signal during image acquisition, transmission, or processing. Its external manifestation is the $\sigma_{\text{signal}} = \sqrt{N_{\text{signal}}}$$I_{\text{dark}} \propto A \cdot T^3 e^{-\frac{E_g}{kT}}$$I_{\text{dark}}$$T$$E_g$$k$$A$$\sigma_{\text{dark…text/html2026-08-14T09:33:39+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:image_quality_factors:sharpness
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Acutance
I. Definition
Acutance is an objective physical quantity used to measure image clarity. By contrast, sharpness is the subjective human perception of image clarity; the two are distinct concepts.
Early acutance calculations were based on the gradient of an edge profile: the steeper the transition, the higher the value. However, an edge gradient describes only the physical rate of transition and does not account for the fact that images are ultimately perceived by the human visual syst…text/html2026-07-10T08:03:32+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:ieee_2020_2024_cpi
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IEEE 2020-2024 CPI Test
Definition of CPI
Contrast is a crucial fundamental condition for distinguishing objects from their surroundings. $(L_{in})$$(L_{in})=(L_{max}+L_{min})/2$$L_{in}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$C_{W}$$C_{M}$$C_{W}=\frac{L_{max}}{L_{min}}-1$$C_{W}$$L_{max}$$L_{min}$$C_{W}$$L_{min}$$C_{M}=\frac{L_{max}-L_{min}}{L_{max}+L_{…text/html2026-07-10T08:03:33+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:standardized_testing:ieee_2020_2024_flicker
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IEEE 2020-2024 Flicker Test
1. Definition of Flicker
Flicker refers to the phenomenon of periodic brightness fluctuations, banding, or local brightness instability in images captured by a camera. This phenomenon is essentially caused by a mismatch in temporal sampling. LED lights typically emit light in pulses at frequencies of hundreds of times per…text/html2026-07-23T12:51:18+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像基础知识:光学:几何光学:主光线角
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主光线角（CRA）
一、定义
主光线角（Chief Ray Angle，CRA）指主光线与像面法线之间的夹角。
* 主光线（Chief Ray）：物点发出的，指向孔径光阑中心的光线，称为主光线。与主光线相对应，经过孔径光阑边缘的光线，称为text/html2025-10-31T06:55:19+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像基础知识:光学:色度学:亮度方程
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彩色图像转灰度图像时用到的亮度方程是如何确定的？
概述
在数字图像处理中，常常需要将彩色图像转换为灰度图像，此时需要使用亮度方程 Y = r R + g G + b B。只要将彩色图像每个像素的 R,G,B 值代入方程，即可计算出对应的 Y 值。然而，常用的亮度方程有若干个版本，区别在于 r,g,b 三个系数稍有差异，许多小伙伴常常被如下问题困扰：$\bar{x}(\lambda),\bar{y}(\lambda),\bar{z}(\lambda)$$\rm{C}= \begin{bmatrix} x_{[R]} & x_{[G]} & x_{[B]} \\ y_{[R]} & y_{[G]} & y_{[B]} \\ z_{[R]} & z_{[G]} & z_{[B]} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.67 & 0.21 & 0.14 \\ 0.33 & 0.71 & 0.08 \\ 0.00 & 0.08 & 0.78 \end{bmatrix} \tag{1}$$\begin{bmatrix} X_{[W]} \\ Y_{[W]} \\…text/html2025-10-31T06:55:45+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像基础知识:光学:色度学:色域
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数字相机有色域吗？
随着数字图像的应用日趋广泛，色域（colour gamut）这个色学术语渐渐走入大众的视野。在（手机、平板等）移动计算设备、（台式、头戴式）计算机显示设备、电视机、投影机等产品的介绍中，时常可以看到色域这一术语及相应的规格（如 95% sRGB）。诚然，色域愈大，显示设备能够还原的颜色范围愈大，高纯度颜色的还原愈好，因此，扩展色域、广色域的概念也应运而生。在计算机术语中，显示设备、打印机等皆属于输出设备，色域可以部分体现输出设备（及媒介）的颜色还原能力。那么，我们不禁要问，作为数字图像的主要源头，以数字相机、扫描仪为代表的输入设备是否也有色域呢？今天我们就与大家一起来讨论这个有趣的问题。…text/html2026-05-18T06:22:54+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像质量评价:工具:光源:减光片的介绍与应用
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减光片的介绍与应用
减光片（Neutral Density Filter，简称 ND 滤光片，又称中性滤光片）是一种用于均匀衰减入射光强、且不改变光谱色温的光学器件。其核心作用在于在高亮度环境下灵活控制进光量，以适配慢快门长曝光或大光圈浅景深等特殊拍摄需求。$$ D = \log\left(\frac{1}{T}\right) $$$T = I_{out}/I_{in}$$0 \sim 1$$1/2$$$ T = \frac{1}{2} = 0.5 $$$T = 0.5$$$ D = \log\left(\frac{1}{0.5}\right) = \log(2) \approx 0.3 $$…text/html2025-11-07T10:06:22+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像质量评价:工具:图卡:图卡的使用_维护和储存指南
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图卡的使用、维护和储存指南
测试图卡是影像质量评估中不可或缺的基准工具，其自身的完好性直接决定了测试结果的准确性。不当的使用和储存环境会导致图卡褪色、划伤或变形，从而使其失去标定价值。text/html2026-02-13T02:08:39+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)yanding:成像质量评价:测试用例:cms测试用例:cms_色彩还原
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CMS色彩还原
概念
CMS色彩还原是指摄像头监视系统（CMS）通过外部摄像头捕捉车辆周围场景信息后经图像处理、传输等环节后，在车内监视器上准确复现原始场景色彩的能力。它涵盖了对色调、饱和度、明度等色彩属性的精准还原，确保监视器呈现的色彩与实际场景中物体的固有色彩保持一致或在可接受的偏差范围内。text/html2026-07-23T12:51:18+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:distortion
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Distortion
1. What is Distortion?
Distortion refers to the geometric distortion of the image formed by an optical system relative to the object itself. It is caused by the inconsistency of lateral magnification between the edge and the center of the lens. Distortion only alters the spatial geometry of the object and does not affect the sharpness (re…text/html2026-07-23T11:59:45+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:camera_test_cases:image_stabilization
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Image Stabilization
1. What is Camera Shake
When capturing a running child in a park with a smartphone, a blurred photo misses the lively moment; when operating a drone to photograph landscapes, severe camera shake in the footage ruins the charm of the magnificent scenery; at critical moments in security surveillance, blurred images make it impossib…text/html2026-07-10T08:03:26+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:cms_test_cases:cms_directional_uniformity
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CMS Directional Uniformity
1. Definition
CMS (Camera Monitor System), commonly referred to in the industry as an electronic rearview mirror, uses a $$\frac{\max\left\{ \left| L_i - L\left( \Theta_{\text{monitor}/D}, \Phi_{\text{monitor}/D} \right) \right| \right\}}{L\left( \Theta_{\text{monitor}/D}, \Phi_{\text{monitor}/D} \right)} < 35\%$$$$\frac{\…text/html2026-07-10T08:03:27+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:image_quality_evaluation:test_cases:cms_test_cases:cms_horizontal_uniformity
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CMS Horizontal Uniformity
1. Definition
CMS (Camera Monitor System), commonly referred to in the industry as an electronic rearview mirror, uses a $$\frac{\max\left\{ \left( L_{j/\text{white}}(\Theta, \Phi) \right) \right\} - \min\left\{ \left( L_{j/\text{white}}(\Theta, \Phi) \right) \right\}}{\max\left\{ \left( L_{j/\text{white}}(\Theta, \Phi) \ri…text/html2026-07-24T05:15:29+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:camera_module:camera_module_principles
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Imaging Principle and Structure of Automotive Camera Modules
I. Imaging Principle
The imaging of automotive camera modulestext/html2026-07-24T05:13:40+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:imaging_systems:display:camera_display_parameters
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Camera Display Parameters Explained: Understanding the Hardware Specifications of Screens
Camera displays serve as the core interactive interface of a camera, undertaking critical functions such as live view, image composition, playback, and image evaluation. Differences in screen design across various camera brands and models directly determine the …text/html2026-07-27T06:13:03+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:entrance_pupil
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Entrance Pupil
When observing the human eye, a dark circular opening known as the pupil can be seen, through which incident light enters the eye. Physiologically, the pupil is the aperture located at the center of the iris. However, the visible pupil is not the physical opening itself, but the image of the pupil formed by the refractive structures in front of it, such as the cornea and aqueous humor.text/html2026-07-23T03:24:16+00:00Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com)en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:radiance
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Radiance
Definition
Radiance(symbol: $L$) is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted, or received by a surface, per unit solid angle per unit projected area in a specified direction.As the fundamental property of extended sources, it characterizes the radiant intensity per unit projected area of a surface element along a given line of sight. \(\mathrm{W \cdot sr^{-1} \cdot m^{-2}}\)$L$$$L = \frac{dI}{dA \cos\theta} = \frac{d^2 \Phi}{dA \cos\theta \, d\Omega}$$$L$$I$$\Phi$$A$$\theta$$\…