====Optics====
Covering key areas such as geometric optics, colorimetry, radiation and luminescence, radiometry and photometry, providing theoretical support for imaging principles.\\
|  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics|{{ :几何光学3.png?300 |}}]]  |  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry|{{ :色度学.png?300 |}}]] |  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence|{{ :发光2.png?290 |}}]]  |  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry|{{ :辐射度学与光度学1.png?240 |}}]]  |
|  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics|Geometric Optics]]  |  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry|Colorimetry]]  |  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence|Radiation and Luminescence]]  |  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry|Radiometry and Photometry]]  |

[[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics|Geometric Optics]] \\
Geometric optics uses light rays as an abstract model to describe the laws of light propagation, ignoring wave effects of light, and does not consider diffraction, interference, and polarization phenomena. Based on Fermat's Principle, it derives the basic laws of [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:law_of_rectilinear_propagation_of_light|Rectilinear Propagation]], [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:law_of_reflection|Reflection]], and [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:law_of_refraction|Refraction]]. It serves as the underlying theoretical support for imaging system analysis (e.g., parameters like [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:entrance_pupil|Entrance Pupil]], [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:depth_of_field|Depth of Field]], [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:geometric_optics:maximum_image_circle|Maximum Image Circle]]), lens selection, and imaging quality impact assessment (e.g., vignetting due to CRA mismatch, edge darkening due to insufficient MIC, etc.).\\

[[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry|Colorimetry]]\\
Colorimetry is the discipline of quantifying and measuring color. With the [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:cie_colorimetric_system|CIE Standardized Colorimetric System]] as its core theoretical framework, it transforms subjective human color perception into objective physical values for quantitative calculation. Its scope of research includes key theories such as color tristimulus values, chromaticity coordinates, [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:color_rendering|Color Rendering]], and [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:colorimetry:metamerism|Metamerism]]. It provides a unified measurement standard for high-precision color reproduction in equipment and media across various fields such as displays, lighting, and printing.\\

[[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence|Radiation and Luminescence]]\\
Focusing on the luminescence mechanisms of thermal radiators, gas discharge sources, and solid-state light sources, and based on the theory of [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence:blackbody|Blackbody Radiation]], it analyzes the core characteristics of typical light sources such as LEDs, fluorescent lamps, and incandescent lamps. Combining key parameters such as luminescence principles, spectral distribution, and luminous efficiency, it explains the impact of light source characteristics on imaging, providing a theoretical basis for light source selection and lighting design.\\
**Typical Light Sources:**\\
|  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence:led|{{ :led灯.png?140 |}}]]  | {{ :白炽灯.png?180 |}} |  {{ :卤钨灯.png?180 |}}  |  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence:fluorescent_lamp|{{ :荧光灯2.png?180 |}}]]  |
|  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence:led|LED Lamp]]  |  Incandescent Lamp  |  Tungsten Halogen Lamp  |  [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiation_and_luminescence:fluorescent_lamp|Fluorescent Lamp]]  |
|  {{ :霓虹灯.png?120 |}}  |   {{ :氙灯.png?160 |}}  |  {{ :高压钠灯.png?130 |}}  |  {{ :低压汞灯.png?180 |}}  |
|  Neon Lamp  |  Xenon Lamp  |  Sodium Lamp  |  Mercury Lamp  |

[[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry|Radiometry and Photometry]]\\
Using the [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:cie_luminous_efficiency_function|CIE Standard Luminous Efficiency Function]] as a conversion bridge, it distinguishes between objective physical radiometric quantities (such as radiance, radiant intensity, etc.) and photometric quantities weighted by human vision (such as luminance, luminous flux, etc.). It is a core theoretical tool for light source R&D, lighting design, and imaging system luminance analysis.\\

**Overview of Radiometric Quantities:**\\
^ Quantity ^ Symbol ^ Definition ^ Unit Name ^ Unit Symbol ^
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:radiant_energy|Radiant Energy]] | $Q$ | $\int_{\Delta t} \Phi , \mathrm{d}t$ | Joule | $\mathrm{J}$ |
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:radiant_energy_density|Radiant Energy Density]] | $w$ | $\frac{\mathrm{d}Q}{\mathrm{d}V}$ | Joule per cubic meter | $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}^3$ |
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:radiant_flux|Radiant Flux]] | $\Phi,, P$ | $\frac{\mathrm{d}Q}{\mathrm{d}t}$ | Watt | $\mathrm{W}$ |
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:radiant_intensity|Radiant Intensity]] | $I$ | $\frac{\mathrm{d}\Phi}{\mathrm{d}\Omega}$ | Watt per steradian | $\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{sr}$ |
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:radiance|Radiance]] | $L$ | $\frac{\mathrm{d}I}{\mathrm{d}A \cos\alpha}$ | Watt per steradian per square meter | $\mathrm{W}/(\mathrm{sr},\mathrm{m}^2)$ |
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:irradiance|Irradiance]] | $E$ | $\frac{\mathrm{d}\Phi}{\mathrm{d}A}$ | Watt per square meter | $\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{m}^2$ |
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:radiant_exitance|Radiant Exitance]] | $M$ | $\frac{\mathrm{d}\Phi}{\mathrm{d}A}$ | Watt per square meter | $\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{m}^2$ |
**Overview of Common Photometric Quantities:**\\
^Quantity ^Symbol ^Definition ^Unit Name ^Unit Symbol ^
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:luminous_flux|Luminous Flux]] | $\Phi,, P$ | $\frac{\mathrm{d}\Phi}{\mathrm{d}t}$ | Lumen | $\mathrm{lm}$ |
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:luminous_intensity|Luminous Intensity]] | $I$ | $\frac{\mathrm{d}\Phi}{\mathrm{d}\Omega}$ | Candela | $\mathrm{cd}$ |
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:luminance|Luminance]] | $L$ | $\frac{\mathrm{d}I}{\mathrm{d}A \cdot \cos\alpha}$ | Candela per square meter | $\mathrm{cd},\mathrm{m}^{-2}$ |
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:illuminance|Illuminance]] | $E$ | $\frac{\mathrm{d}\Phi}{\mathrm{d}A}$ | Lux | $\mathrm{lx}$ |
| [[en:yanding:imaging_basics:optics:radiometry_photometry:luminous_exitance|Luminous Exitance]] | $M$ | $\frac{\mathrm{d}\Phi}{\mathrm{d}A}$ | Candela steradian per square meter | $\mathrm{cd},\mathrm{sr},\mathrm{m}^{-2}$ |